inovacije potiču napredak
Nobel za ekonomiju Jokyru, Aghionu i Howittu za teze o pripremi terena za inovacije
(REUTERS)
Ekonomisti Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion i Peter Howitt dobitnici su ovogodišnje Nobelove nagrade za ekonomiju „za objašnjenje gospodarskog rasta potaknutog inovacijama“, uz upravljanje sukobima koji izaziva "kreativna destrukcija", objavila je u ponedjeljak Kraljevska švedska akademija znanosti.
Polovina nagrade pripala je ekonomskom povjesničaru Joelu Mokyru s američkog Sveučilištu Northwestern u gradu Evanstonu, savezna država Illinois, „za utvrđivanje preduvjeta za održivi rast kroz tehnološki napredak".
Drugu polovinu podijelit će ekonomisti Philippe Aghion s Collège de France i INSEAD-a u francuskoj prijestolnici i britanske Londonske škole ekonomije i političkih znanosti i Peter Howitt s američkog Sveučilišta Brown u gradu Providenceu na Rhode Islandu „za teoriju održivog rasta kroz kreativnu destrukciju“.
Ovogodišnji laureati iz ekonomskih znanosti objašnjavaju kako inovacije potiču napredak, odnosno kako nova tehnologija može potaknuti održivi rast.
Tehnologija danas brzo napreduje, što znači i brzu izmjenu proizvoda i metoda proizvodnje i izgradnju osnove za održivi gospodarski rast, ali i za bolji životni standard, zdravlje i kvalitetu života ljudi diljem svijeta, stoji u priopćenju.
Stagnacija je ipak u povijesti bila norma i rast se nakon važnih otkrića na kraju uvijek stabilizirao.
Joel Mokyr pokazao je na temelju povijesnih izvora proces u kojem inovacije rađaju nove izume, ponudivši znanstveno objašnjenje.
Važno je i da društvo bude spremno za nove ideje i da omogući promjene, utvrdio je Mokyr.
I Philippe Aghion i Peter Howitt proučavali su mehanizme održivog rasta i konstruirali u članku iz 1992. godine matematički model "kreativne destrukcije".
Novi i bolji proizvodi istiskuju s tržišta stare proizvođače, što znači da je inovacija kreativna jer donosi nešto novo, ali i destruktivna jer izbacuje iz igre kompanije sa zastarjelom tehnologijom.
Ovogodišnji laureati pokazuju kako kreativna destrukcija stvara sukobe kojima treba "konstruktivno upravljati". U suprotnom, inovacije će blokirati etablirane tvrtke i interesne skupine kojima prijeti opasnost da budu dovedene u nepovoljan položaj.
„Rad laureata pokazuje da se gospodarski rast ne može uzimati zdravo za gotovo. Moramo podržavati mehanizme koji su u osnovi kreativne destrukcije kako ne bismo zapali u stagnaciju“, kaže predsjednik Odbora za nagradu za ekonomske znanosti John Hassler.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2025 to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt
“for having explained innovation-driven economic growth”
with one half to
Joel Mokyr
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
“for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress”
and the other half jointly to
Philippe Aghion
Collège de France and INSEAD, Paris, France, The London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Peter Howitt
Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
“for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction”
They show how new technology can drive sustained growth
Over the last two centuries, for the first time in history, the world has seen sustained economic growth. This has lifted vast numbers of people out of poverty and laid the foundation of our prosperity. This year’s laureates in economic sciences, Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, explain how innovation provides the impetus for further progress.
Technology advances rapidly and affects us all, with new products and production methods replacing old ones in a never-ending cycle. This is the basis for sustained economic growth, which results in a better standard of living, health and quality of life for people around the globe.
However, this was not always the case. Quite the opposite – stagnation was the norm throughout most of human history. Despite important discoveries now and again, which sometimes led to improved living conditions and higher incomes, growth always eventually levelled off.
Joel Mokyr used historical sources as one means to uncover the causes of sustained growth becoming the new normal. He demonstrated that if innovations are to succeed one another in a self-generating process, we not only need to know that something works, but we also need to have scientific explanations for why. The latter was often lacking prior to the industrial revolution, which made it difficult to build upon new discoveries and inventions. He also emphasised the importance of society being open to new ideas and allowing change.
Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt also studied the mechanisms behind sustained growth. In an article from 1992, they constructed a mathematical model for what is called creative destruction: when a new and better product enters the market, the companies selling the older products lose out. The innovation represents something new and is thus creative. However, it is also destructive, as the company whose technology becomes passé is outcompeted.
In different ways, the laureates show how creative destruction creates conflicts that must be managed in a constructive manner. Otherwise, innovation will be blocked by established companies and interest groups that risk being put at a disadvantage.
“The laureates’ work shows that economic growth cannot be taken for granted. We must uphold the mechanisms that underly creative destruction, so that we do not fall back into stagnation,” says John Hassler, Chair of the Committee for the prize in economic sciences.
Economic historian Joel Mokyr is rewarded with one half of the prize for his description of the mechanisms that enable scientific breakthroughs and practical applications to enhance each other and create a self-generating process, leading to sustained economic growth. Because this is a process that challenges prevailing interests, he also demonstrates the importance of a society that is open to new ideas and permits change.
The other half of the prize is awarded to the economists Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt. In a joint publication from 1992, they constructed a mathematical model of how companies invest in improved production processes and new, better-quality products, while the companies that previously had the best products are outcompeted. Growth arises through creative destruction. This process is creative because it builds upon innovation, but it is also destructive because older products become obsolete and lose their commercial value. Over time, this process has fundamentally changed our societies – over the span of one or two centuries, almost everything has changed.
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